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It could be a decade or more before any well is drilled, following required environmental scrutiny and permit reviews -- and then the inevitable lawsuits from local communities and environmental groups opposed to any development in that rugged wilderness.

"It’s still an open question about whether drilling will ever happen there," said Matt Lee-Ashley, a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and former Interior Department official. "It’s hard to image that drilling will occur in the next 10 years -- or ever."

The House voted Tuesday for a tax bill that includes a provision mandating that the Interior Department hold lease sales in the so-called 1002 area of the Arctic Refuge, a coastal portion of the 19-million-acre federally protected wilderness area. The refuge is estimated to contain 11.8 Bbbl of technically recoverable crude. 

The Senate is set to vote on the measure later Tuesday. After a procedural hiccup, the House will need to revote on it Wednesday. If passed, it will go to President Donald Trump for his signature.

After years of dogged effort, the vote is a victory for Alaska Senator Lisa Murkowski, the measure’s chief benefactor. Republicans included a provision that would have sped up federal environmental reviews, but that was stripped out of the measure because it ran afoul of budget rules.

Drilling proponents say they are undaunted by the idea of a long wait before oil production becomes a reality.

"The United States really needs to find new places to prospect for oil, not for today, but for the future," said Robert Dillon, a consultant and former aide to Murkowski. "You need to be looking 10, 20, 30 years out to know where your supply is going to come from for the future of the country."

But environmentalists who successfully fought ANWR drilling for decades aren’t giving up. Their battle is just shifting from Capitol Hill to federal courtrooms.

Without detailing specific plans, conservationists have vowed litigation at every milestone on the long path to leasing in the refuge and potential oil-drilling there, stoking uncertainty about the potential activity for years after Trump signs the tax bill.

That could translate into lawsuits challenging energy companies’ bids to do seismic research aimed at mapping underground formations that could contain oil and gas, the environmental reviews necessary before any lease sale and the process of issuing drilling permits. 

Authorities will have to comply with environmental requirements embedded in multiple federal laws, including mandates for extensive review and public comment before any leasing -- providing another opportunity for legal scrutiny. Shoddy environmental evaluations can undermine lease sales long after they happen.

And there’s precedent for that. Royal Dutch Shell Plc stunned observers by spending $2.1 billion snapping up offshore leases in the Chukchi Sea during a 2008 government auction. But that lease sale was thrown into years of doubt after critics successfully challenged the government’s environmental analysis that underpinned it, prompting a court order to redo the assessment in 2010. It wasn’t until 2015 that the lease sale was finally affirmed.

And, although Congress is compelling lease sales in the refuge, the decisions that lead to an auction could be in the hands of another president, if Trump is not elected to a second term.

A future president who opposes drilling in ANWR could slow-walk selling leases or permitting wells in the coastal plain -- or even halt the activity. While that resistance could in turn be challenged, the ensuing litigation might take years. 

And all of that means more delay.  

"Senator Murkowski got this provision in the tax bill because she had her leadership over the barrel, but filling that barrel with oil is going to be a lot harder than she ever dreamed," Niel Lawrence, Alaska director at the Natural Resources Defense Council, said in an interview.